Refining Kutta’s Flow over a Flat Plate: Necessary Conditions for Lift

In this paper, we present a variational theory of lift that, unlike Kutta’s theory, is derived from first principles in mechanics: Hertz’s principle least curvature. the unique value circulation determined by minimizing Appellian flowfield. Interestingly, it recovers Kutta condition special case an airfoil with sharp trailing edge. apply such to classical problem flow over flat plate. The resulting ideal does not match solution case; results nonlifting for any uncambered, fore-aft symmetric shape, confirming experimental findings superfluids. This result provides necessary conditions generation fluid. For real fluid plate leading edge, viscosity plays important role, separation at even small angles attack. bubble creates asymmetry outer inviscid flowfield (outside bubble), which enables lift. discussed light developed and some historical details about development theory.